Easy to pack (soaking in warm water on the leaves of sweet drink Kratom + + + cough syrup tranquilizers) is the new drink very popular among the youth of the South as the 4x100. Several variants are also providing for the addition of various substances, such as mosquito repellent and so on. etc..
The district of Pattani's Khok Pho is the center of production and marketing,
This drink is particularly used by young Muslims as a substitute for alcohol, which is forbidden by religion.
The penalty for this is found in possession of hallucinogenic cocktail is much lighter than other drugs, because the individual ingredients are not part of the table of hard drugs and a maximum of 5 years' imprisonment risk.
The basis of this drink is a medicinal plant legally marketed around the world:
kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korthals)
Family: Rubiaceae (Coffee family)
Synonyms: Mitragyna religious nom. nud., Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.)
Common names: Biak, Biak-Biak, gra-tom, katawn, kratom, Kraton, Kutum, Mabog, mambog, Mitragyna
History: In the nineteenth century its use has been reported in Malaysia, as a substitute for opium, and then to cure the addiction (Beckett, Shellard and Tackie 1965, 241, Tyler 1966, 285; 1907th Wray, 1907b).
1920: start of phytochemical studies (Field 1921).
1932: Start of pharmacology on the main active constituents (1932nd Grewal, 1932b).
Distribution: Thailand (especially in the central and the south, rarely found in the north and north-east), north of peninsular Malaysia in Borneo and New Guinea (Macmillan 1991, 416).
Cultivation: The tree grows in marshlands. No information on method of propagation
Look: tropical tree or shrub (bush).
often grows to a height of 3 or 4 meters
Body: straight with forked branches that grow obliquely upward.
Leaves: green, oval, with a large area (8 -
Flowers: deep yellow, globular clusters grow in the axil of the leaf attached to long stems.
winged.
very easily be confused with other members such as the African species M. Mytragina brunonis Craib
psychoactive Material: leaves (Kratom)
Preparation and dosage: The dried leaves can be smoked, chewed, or used in the form of extract known as kratom or mambog. They can also be pulverized, moistened water and drunk as tea.
Another preparation method involves pulverization of dry leaves and boil in water to a syrup (easy to maintain). The dosage is
The syrup can be mixed with the leaves carefully chopped and made into pills Lincuala wetland. This product is known as madat in Malaysia and is smoked in long bamboo pipe.
The fresh leaves can be chewed together with betel nut (Areca catechu). Of salt may be added to avoid constipation. During a typical consumer chews a day from three to ten quantities of these leaves to fill the mouth.
The most active constituent, the mitragynine seems to be well tolerated and has few toxic effects even when taken in high doses. In studies in mice also extreme doses of 920 mg / kg of body weight do not produce toxic effects.
ritual uses: In Thailand, kratom is used primarily as a substitute for opium. It 'possible that some kind of ritual similar to smoking opium (Papaver sonniferum) has developed. Unfortunately, this area has not been the subject of ethnographic research.
Artifacts: None
indole alkaloids: mitragynine, ajmalicina, corinanthedina, isomitrafillina, mitrafillina, mitraversina, paynanteina, specioginina, speciofolina, speciofillina, stipulatina (= rutundifolina) rincofillina, mitraginalina, corinanteidinalina, nitric acid and mitraginalinico corinanteidinalinico.
The main constituent, the mitragynine (66% of the total content of alkaloids), is present especially in the leaves.
Young leaves of the plants of Thai origin contain 7alpha-hydroxy-7H-mitragynine (1.6% of total alkaloids). Approximately
the total content of alkaloids is approaching 5% of dry weight. A new indole alkaloid
, 3 - deidromitraginina, was discovered in the fresh leaves. The
mitragynine is related chemically to psilocybin and other ergot alkaloids.
Mitrafillina isomitrafillina and belong to the type yohimbine.
The fresh leaves also contain epicatechin.
Many flavonoids are present in the leaves.
both fresh and dried leaves contain ursolic acid.
mitraspecina The alkaloid is present in the wood and bark.
Many of these alkaloids are present in other species (Mytragina parvifolia)
Effects: personal trials, the descriptions in literature and the pharmacological properties of the constituents indicate that the effects of kratom are both stimulants like coca (Erythroxylum coca) and sedating such as opium poppy (Papaver sonniferum). Paradoxically take kratom is like chewing coca and opium smoking. When chewed The fresh leaves make them feel the stimulating effect in 5-10 minutes (happiness, strength and desire to be active). The pure alkaloid
mitragynine has the following primary effects: it increases the excitability of sympathetic and cranial-sacral portion of the involuntary nervous system, increases the excitability of motor centers of the medulla and the CNS. These effects are indicative of the paradoxical nature of the substance. The effects of mitragynine are comparable to those of codeine.
daily abuse can lead to: darkening of the skin (especially face), dry mouth, weight loss, cramps, irritability, behavioral, and diarrhea.
You should not match it to alcohol, opium and MAO inhibitors (benzodiazepines ...).
Only in Thailand have been reported rare cases of addiction to daily abuse.
commercial forms and regulations: because of its ability to alter behavior is illegal in Thailand (August 3, 1943), Vietnam, Burma, Malaysia, Australia. Apart from that, the plant is not subject to any regulatory authority.
commercial forms: Kratom Extract (15:1), Kratom leaves (not ground), soft resin, hard resin, Bali Kratom, Kratom Thai.
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